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HISTORIC VIEWS OF GETTYSBURG 

ILLUSTRATIONS IN HALF-TONE OF ALL THE MONUMENTS, IMPORTANT 
VIEWS AND HISTORIC PLACES ON THE GETTYSBURG BATTLEFIELD 


Text by ROBERT C. MILLER 



PUBLISHED BY 

J. I. MUMPER, Battlefield Photographer 

AND 

R. C. MILLER, Custodian of the Jennie Wade House, Gettysburg, Pa. 


Copyright, 1909, by J. I. Mumper and R. C. Midler 







The Gettysburg National Park 


T HIS volume is issued in the hope that its illustrations will afford visitors and others interested in the Battlefield of Gettysburg some insight into the beauties of 
the natural scenery, enhanced now by hundreds of monuments of tasteful and elegant designs marking the positions which were occupied by the volunteer 
troops. The veteran organizations were aided in the construction of these monuments by liberal appropriations by the legislatures of their native States. The 
perfectly constructed Telford avenues, substantial tablets marking Confederate positions and park-like appearance of this vast field, together with the imposing 
general monument and individual markers, placed at the line position of each Regular organization, show the unstinted hand with which the United States Govern¬ 
ment has taken up its work and is making this Battlefield, in a special manner, the Mecca of pilgrimage to all lovers of our Union. 

There is a reason for all of this. The Battle of Gettysburg enjoys a distinction which cannot be accorded to any other of the great battles of the Civil War. It has 
been well said it marks the high water of the tide of the Rebellion. The waves of fire which surged around these hills on those three days of July, 1863, ever receded 
until they sank into eternal calm at Appomattox. It w T as the only battle which was fought on free soil. All previous battles led up to Gettysburg; those subsequent 
led away from it. To no one General can the credit of causing the battle to be fought here be given; likewise to no one in particular more than another belongs the 
credit of conducting it to a successful issue. It was the soldier’s battle. 

While the following pages will contain some references to particular incidents connected with the monuments being described, it is not our purpose to go into a 
detailed account of the Battle. The hundreds of histories which have been written on this subject and the guide-books with their descriptions of the movements of troops, 
etc., accurately cover that part. 

The idea of the preservation of the Battlefield of Gettysburg had its inception as early as April 30, 1864, when the “Gettysburg Battlefield Memorial Association” 
was incorporated by the Legislature of Pennsylvania, “to hold and preserve the Battle-grounds of Gettysburg, with the natural and artificial defenses, as they were at the 
time of said battle, and by such perpetuation, and such memorial structures as a generous and patriotic people may aid to erect, to commemorate the heroic deeds, the 

struggles, and the triumphs of their brave defenders.” : 

4 „ * * 

Appropriations from nearly all of the States whose troops were engaged here, together with a sum which was raised by the sale of certificates of stock and some other 
sources, placed at the disposal of this body a total of $106,575.59. All of this was expended in the purchase, restoration, improvement and maintenance of the grounds, 
so that in 1895 when by deed of conveyance their holdings were transferred to the United States, they had acquired about 600 acres of the most important parts of the 
field, had constructed 17 miles of avenues and driveways, and had provided sites and supervised the erection of 320 monuments. 

On February 11, 1895, a bill introduced in Congress by Major-General Daniel E. Sickles of New York, became a law. It provided for the establishment of the 
“Gettysburg National Park” to be in charge of a Commission appointed by the Secretary of War, who, under his direction, were “to superintend the opening of additional 
roads . . . mark the boundaries . . . ascertain and definitely mark the lines of battle of all troops engaged ... to acquire lands which were occupied by infantry, 
cavalry and artillery, and such other adjacent lands as he may deem necessary to preserve the important topographical features of the Battlefield.” 

The present Commission is composed of Colonel John P. Nicholson, Chairman, of Pennsylvania; General L. L. Lomax, of Virginia, and Major C. A. Richardson, 
of New York. That under their efficient management the purposes of the act are being carried out, is the opinion of all who visit the Gettysburg National Park. 

The accompanying half-tones are from photographs by Mr. J. I. Mumper, Battlefield Photographer, 41 Baltimore Street, Gettysburg, Pa. 


LIBRARY of CONGRESS 







THE HIGH-WATER MARK. Among the last work that was done on the field by the Memorial Association was the erection at the “copse of trees” of 
a unique and artistic memorial. Upon the open pages of an immense bronze volume are recorded the incidents of Longstreet’s historic assault, with the names 
of all commands that participated in it on both sides. It was designed by the late Col. John B. Batchelder, who in speaking of its title said: “It was here 
that one of the most gallant charges recorded in history terminated ; here that the tide of success of the Confederacy turned. From this spot the defeated 
troops fell back and never again made a successful stand. This was indeed the High-Water Mark of the Rebellion.” Its cost was covered by special 
appropriations by the Northern States whose troops participated. 







STONE AVENUE. Looking north toward the Chambersburg pike from Reynolds’ Woods. This ridge was the line occupied by a portion of Cutler’s 
Brigade upon entering the fight the first day. To the right is Pennsylvania’s contribution to the memory of John Burns. He was a citizen of Gettysburg 
and had served in the war of 1812. With the outbreak of the civil war he attempted to enlist but was refused on account of advanced age. With the 
opening of the battle here his opportunity came, and equipped with flint-lock rifle, powder horn and bullet pouch, he joined the ranks of the One Hundred 
and Fiftieth Pennsylvania Regiment. After fighting with them for a time he joined the Second Wisconsin and remained with that regiment until the 
retreat, when he was left on the field with two severe wounds. He worked his way to town and fully recovered. He was then more than 70 years of 
age and lived until 1872. A portion of the official report of General Doubleday, which mentions his service, is inscribed on a bronze plate on base of statue. 



THE CHAMBERSBURG PIKE. From the site of Reynolds’ statue shows the ground over which the Confederates advanced to the attack on 
the first day. The advance of Hill’s Corps formed on the ridge by the farm buildings, and in the progress of the battle Archer’s Brigade, while 
attempting to turn the left of the Union position, entered the woods shown on the left of the illustration. Their movements were observed by General 
Reynolds, who sent Meredith's “Iron Brigade” against them. A terrific conflict followed and resulted in the capture of General Archer and a large 
number of his men. The glory of this success was marred by the greatest disaster of the day to the Union arms—the death of the brave and lamented 
Reynolds. 














REYNOLDS AVENUE. This view shows the position that was occupied by Cutler’s Brigade in the first advance of the infantry on the first 
day. Davis Mississippi Brigade, advancing just north of the Chambersburg pike, were their opponents at this point. The battle at once raged fiercely all 
f .?.? Cutler s position, and. his men were gradually being forced back to Seminary Ridge, while some were in imminent danger of being captured. A 
b 11 1 ant charge by the Sixth Wisconsin, which was in reserve at the Seminary buildings, saved the position for a time. Co-operating with 
Cutler s men they drove several hundred of Davis’ troops into the railroad cut, where they surrendered. This abandoned railroad cut was part of the old 
Pennsylvania State line, called the “Tapeworm” by reason of its circuitous windings. It was championed by Thaddeus Stevens, “The Great Commoner,” 
and in 1833 was graded twelve miles west of Gettysburg at a cost to the State of $750,000. Political opponents compelled the abandonment of the 
project, and it was not until 1889 that it was finished by the Western Maryland Company, thus connecting Gettysburg, via Hagerstown, with points 
West and South. 


OAK RIDGE. The view shown here is looking south along the line that was occupied by Robinson’s division of the First Corps, the brigades of 
Paul and Baxter. They were hurried to this position when Rhodes’ Confederate division, advancing from the north, threatened the right of Cutler’s 
Brigade. They were soon heavily engaged, being attacked in front and on flank. By a brilliant counter-movement Baxter’s Brigade succeeded in 
capturing three stands of colors and about 700 prisoners of Iverson’s Confederate brigade in the Forney field, immediately in front of the line of monu¬ 
ments shown here. On this ground General Gabriel R. Paul, in command of the First Brigade, Robinson’s division, was struck by a minie ball which 
destroyed the sight of both eyes. He lived in this terrible condition for many years after the battle. 
























JENNIE WADE. The only citizen of Gettysburg who was killed during the battle, Miss Jennie Wade, a young lady 20 years of age, was struck by a 
sharpshooter’s bullet in a little brick house on Baltimore street, near the National Cemetery. She with her mother were taking care of her sister, Mrs. Mc¬ 
Clellan, who occupied the front room with her child which was three days old the morning the battle opened. It was on account of this sister that they 
were compelled to remain in the house; nearly all of the citizens of Gettysburg were in their cellars. On the morning of the third day she was in the rear 
room working in dough, preparing to bake, and was instantly killed by a bullet that passed through two doors before striking her. The other occupants es¬ 
caped unhurt. Mrs. McClellan is still living in Dennison, Iowa. The house has not been changed and shows the marks of several hundred bullets. It is 
now a war museum, and attracts thousands of tourists each year to hear the story of Jennie Wade’s death; to see the old battle-marked house, and the 
complete collection of battlefield relics which are exhibited here. 













RELIEF MAP OF THE BATTLEFIELD OF GETTYSBURG. Size 9 feet 2 j 4 inches by 12 feet 8 inches. Surveys of field by Lieut. Col. E. B. 
Cope, engineer; S. A. Hammond, H. W. Mattern, E. M. Hewitt, A. A. Partner, assistant engineers. Relief map made by Col. E. B. Cope, engineer; J. C. 
Wierman, assistant. Scale 200 feet to inch. 

A —York Pike. B— Hanover Road. C— Baltimore Pike. D— Taneytown Road. E— Emmitsburg Road. F— Hagerstown Road. G—Chambersburg 

Pike. H —Old Tape Worm, present Western Maryland Railroad. I —-Mumasburg Road. J—Newville Road. K —Carlisle Road. I - P. & R. R. R. M— 

Rock Creek. N— Harrisburg Road. O—Marsh Creek. P— Willoughby Run. Q—Hunterstown Road. R— Barlow’s Knoll. S— Howard Avenue. T— 
Oak Ridge. U —Seminary Ridge. V —Reynolds’ Woods. W —Penn College. X—Theological Seminary. Y —Gettysburg. Z —National Cemetery. 1 — 
East Cemetery Hill. 2— Culp’s Hill. 3— Wolf Hill. 4—Power’s Hill. 5— Mead’s Headquarters. 6— The Angle. 7— Hancock Avenue. 8— Little Round 
Top. 9—Big Round Top. 10— Valley of Death. 11— Devil’s Den. 12— Wheat Field. 13— The Loop. 14— Peach Orchard. 15— Trostle Buildings. 







MAINE MONUMENTS. Maine’s representation in the Gettysburg battle was fourteen organizations—ten regiments of infantry, three batteries 
and one regiment of cavalry. The loss from this force was 971. The First Cavalry stands first in the list of cavalry regiments in point of losses sustained 
during the war. The position of each organization on this field is marked by a handsome monument, toward the erection of which the State aided to the 
extent of $30,300. The monument of the Seventeenth Regiment on the south side of the Wheat Field marks the position they so valiantly defended 
along the wall at the edge of the woods. It is one of the finest monuments on the field. The unpretentious square monument of the Twentieth tells of their 
desperate battle with Law’s Alabama Brigade for the possession of Little Round Top. It was Stevens’ Fifth Maine battery from its position on the little 
plateau at the entrance to Culp’s Hill that broke the force of the Louisiana Tigers’ charge on Cemetery Hill by the well-directed fire they poured into 
them. Cannonier Chase of this same battery received forty-eight distinct wounds in this battle, and yet lives to tell the story. 




















UNITED STATES REGULARS’ MONUMENT. A recent appropriation by the general government provided a sum sufficient to properly mark 
the positions of regular troops who participated in the battle. Fortunately the bulk of the appropriation was used in the construction of this strikingly 
handsome memorial. It stands on Hancock Avenue about one hundred yards south of the famous “Copse of Trees,” which show in the center of the 
illustration, surrounded by the iron fence. Just to the left of the Copse show the monuments in the “Angle” while to the right of the road the wig¬ 
wam of the Tammany regiment rises between the cedars. Of the regular troops engaged here, a total of 43 organizations, there were 13 regiments of 
infantry, 4 of cavalry and 26 batteries of artillery. Large bronze plates on four sides contain appropriate inscriptions. 
















FIRST DAY’S BATTLE. The last week of June, 1863, was a time of intense anxiety for the 
people of the quiet little borough of Gettysburg and the localities surrounding. Confederate raiders and 
foraging parties were daily operating among them while several minor conflicts had taken place. The occupa¬ 
tion of the town by a strong force of Union cavalry on the evening of June 30, restored confidence once 
more to be rudely dispelled bv the events of the following day. Wednesday morning, July 1, i8t>3> dawned 
but not without a cloud. During the early morning hours the beautiful country was strongly surcharged 
with vapors that the sun found it difficult to dispel. The hurried movement of horsemen and a careful 
examination of the hills surrounding Gettysburg by signal officers indicated preparations for a great struggle. 
At length the suspense was relieved by the booming of a cannon and the bursting of a shell. Heth’s division 
of Confederates, advancing from the west on the Chambersburg pike, sent a defiant shell among Buford’s 
Union cavalrymen who were posted on a hill west of town. Buford’s men proudly answered the missile 


and for an hour gallantly resisted the attack of the enemy. About 10 o’clock General Reynolds arrived on the 
field and was closely followed by the First Corps under General Doubleday. It was quickly put into position 
relieving the cavalry, and for the next two hours stood alone against overwhelming odds. Other commands 
of the Confederate army were arriving, and while the First Corps fought gallantly and inflicted heavy loss 
on the troops opposed to them, they also had lost a considerable proportion of their men,, including General 
Reynolds, who was killed early in the fight. Very opportunely, therefore, about twelve o’clock, two divisions 
of the Eleventh Corps under Generals Barlow and Schimmelpfennig arrived, and were placed in position on 
the right of the First Corps, while General Steinwehr’s division occupied and fortified Cemetery Hill as a 
rallying point. This reinforcement gave new vigor to the Union troops and they gained some decided ad¬ 
vantages. But it was not long until the Confederates were also strongly reinforced ; Rhodes’ and Early’s 
divisions coming up on the Harrisburg and York roads, menaced the right flank' of the Union position. 


Opposed to the 18,000 men of the C nion army were 32,000 Confederates, while others were within easy 
distance. This unequal contest was maintained for a while, and about three o’clock General Howard, in 
command of the field, ordered a retreat. The troops fell back through the town in considerable confusion, 
and were rallied under protection of Steinwehr’s guns on Cemetery Hill. T he night that followed was one 
of preparation for both sides. The full strength of both armies was being brought up and placed in position 
for continuing the bloody work of the preceding day. 

Our illustration shows an important section of the first day’s field. From the northeast corner of Rey¬ 
nolds’ woods we have a splendid view of the early Confederate positions on Herr’s ridge and the McPherson 
barn in the center, while to the right are the monuments grouped around the railroad cut, and the extension of 
the First Corps line. 

































GEN. GEORGE S. GREENE. This statue was erected by the State of New York in recognition of the services of General Greene in the Gettysburg 
Battle In command of a brigade of New York troops, the fate of the Union army depended on their stubborn and successful stand on Culp’s Hill on 
the evening of the second day. General Greene was a native of Rhode Island, born in 1801, and at the great age of 93 years was present and delivered 
an address at a reunion of his brigade on Culp’s Hill. He died in 1899. 

ADDITIONAL MONUMENTS. Grouped on this page are a number of monuments and markers that have been erected recently. 1—U. S. 
Army Headquarters 2—A tablet of historical nature concerning the creation and work of the National Park Commission. 3—C. S. Army Headquar¬ 
ters 4—Marker Pardee Field. 5—General Howe’s Headquarters. 6—Monument where Colonel Fred. Taylor was killed. 7—N. Y. Oneida Cavalry, 
Meade’s Headquarters. 8—Type of monument erected at line position of each Regular organization. 9—Advance marker 28th Pennsylvania Regiment. 
10—Type of Corps and Division monument. 













MAINE, ILLINOIS AND DELAWARE MONUMENTS. To Illinois belongs the credit of beginning the battle. Its Eighth Cavalry regiment 
was part of the force under Buford which occupied Gettysburg on the evening of the 30th of June. A picket post was established on the Chambers- 
burg pike, about two and one-half miles from the town, and as Hill’s Confederate Corps advanced eastward in the early morning of July 1st, 
Sergeant Jones fired the first shot at them from the abutment of the old Marsh Creek bridge. The two regiments of cavalry and one of infantry lost 
139 men. The State contributed $6000 toward the erection of their handsome monuments. The only monuments on the field that are duplicates are those of 
the First and Second Delaware. Their positions on the field are where the bullets flew the thickest, and the two regiments lost 161. The First Regiment 
took part in those efforts from Hancock’s line to dislodge Confederate sharpshooters from the Bliss buildings, and have their advance marker at that point. 


































OAK RIDGE AND MUMASBURG ROAD. This view from the east side is a glimpse from the plain that was occupied by the Eleventh Corps. 
To the right appears one of the substantial steel observation towers, of which five have been erected at different places on the field. The wide 
range of observation from their top fully justifies the climb. 



FROM OAK RIDGE—THE ELEVENTH CORPS LINE. The Eleventh Corps reached the field shortly after noon while the entire First Corps was 
in position on Seminary Ridge, battling furiously to hold their position in the face of overwhelming odds. Their principal danger was that of being 
surrounded by Ewell’s Confederates, who were advancing from the north and northeast. Shurz’s and Barlow’s divisions were hurried through the town 
and were formed on the open fields to the north, while Steinwehr’s division occupied and fortified Cemetery Hill as a rallying point. The advance divisions 
were exposed to a short range fire from Carter’s Confederate artillery battalion posted on Oak Ridge, their position was untenable from the start, 
and after vigorous and repeated assaults the troops were driven through the town in considerable confusion, the Eleventh Corps losing about 2500 
prisoners in the streets. The line of monuments along Howard Avenue show in above illustration; the county Almshouse buildings are in the center 
background. 















HOWARD AVENUE. From a point near Barlow’s Knoll our view looks west along the line of Eleventh Corps’ monuments. Their position 
here was exposed to a severe fire of artillery from Oak Ridge on the right, and being assailed on flank and in front by heavy forces of infantry they 
were forced back through town after a desperate resistance. 



BARLOW’S KNOLL. The extreme right of the line of battle on the first day. Here among the infantry was positioned Battery G, Fourth 
United States Artillery, under command of Lieutenant Wilkeson. The fire of thirty-six Confederate cannon was turned on this position and the battery 
suffered severely, Wilkeson’s leg being almost severed by a shell, he completed the amputation bv his own hands and a penknife. The Knoll was 
finally captured and during the night the brave Wilkeson crawled back to the Almshouse Buildings where he died. General Barlow, who was 
severely wounded here, fell into the hands of the Confederates. The flag floating from this elevation is maintained by the Seventeenth Connecticut Regi¬ 
ment Association. 

























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MASSACHUSETTS MONUMENTS. Massachusetts had twenty-four organizations in the battle, and 1394 of her sons were included in the losses 
sustained. This story of Josephine Rogers, who with her mother lived in the little house adjoining the handsome monument of the First, was told 
by Gen. H. W. Slocum: On the morning of July 2d, General Carr stopped at the house and found Miss Rogers alone and busy baking bread. He 
informed her that a great battle was inevitable and advised her to seek a place of safety at once. She said she had a batch of bread baking in the 
oven and would remain until it was baked and then leave. When the bread was finished it was given to our soldiers and devoured so eagerly that 
she concluded to remain and bake another batch. And so she continued to the end of the battle, baking and giving her bread to all who came. The 
great artillery duel, which shook the earth for miles around, did not drive her from her oven. Pickett’s men, who charged past the house, found her 
quietly baking her bread and distributing it to the hungry. At the dedication of the First Massachusetts regiment’s monument Josephine Rogers Miller 
was brought from her home in the West, the honored guest of the survivors. 





















































MASSACHUSETTS MONUMENTS. All of the monuments of this State are tastefully designed and well constructed. The shelter tent of the 
Thirty-second is a unique design. Interesting also is the bronze plate this regiment has placed on a large rock at the loop. Several large rocks join 
at right angles, furnishing an ideal place of shelter. Here the surgeon of the Thirty-second Regiment with his assistants established a field hospital, and 
while the battle raged all around calmly continued their work ministering to all who came within reach, and undoubtedly saved many lives by the prompt 
treatment thus given. The Twentieth Massachusetts were heavily engaged near the “copse of trees.” The regiment was raised at Roxbury, and when they 
erected their monument on this field they brought from there a large “pudding stone,” which had been a landmark on the playground of the town. It 
marks the spot where these soldiers who once played around it fought so gallantly. Massachusetts contributed $30,000 toward memorial work on the 
Gettysburg battlefield. 









GENERAL MEADE, HIS HEADQUARTERS AND OLD BALDY. A war-time photo of General Meade is shown above. The little 
weather-boarded house on the Tanneytown Road was used by him as general headquarters during the battle. It is one of the rugged battle 
marks of the field, and is always open for the inspection of tourists. Particular interest attaches to the picture of “Old Baldy.” He was in the 
first battle of Bull Run and was twice wounded; was purchased by General Meade in the Fall of 1861, and was used continuously in all his campaigns. 
He was slightly wounded again at Antietam, and on July 2d, at Gettysburg, was struck by a bullet, seriously wounded and sent to the rear. His 
recovery from the wound was slow, and when the campaign of 1864 opened he was sent to the General’s home near Philadelphia, where he completely 
recovered and was used by General Meade as a saddle horse for a number of years after the war. He was in the funeral cortege, followed his master’s 
body to the grave, and survived him a full decade. “Baldy” died December 16, 1882, and on Christmas day was resurrected by Albert C. Johnston and 
Harry W. Hervey. They had his head stuffed, mounted on an ebony shield, inscribed with a record of his service, and together with the front hoofs, which 
were made into inkstands, it was presented to Gen. George G. Meade Post No. 1, G. A. R., of Philadelphia. Through the courtesy of Mr. Albert C. 
Johnston, we are allowed the use of the above copyrighted photograph. 









A CONFEDERATE PAGE. The old stone building that was occupied by General Lee as his headquarters is on the Chambersburg pike, 
about one-half mile from the western limits of the town. It is among the noted points of interest on the first day’s field, and a tour of that part is not 
deemed complete without a visit to that structure. On Culp’s Hill is located the memorial of the Second Maryland regiment, C. S. A. It is the only monument 
that marks the position of a Confederate organization on the battlefield. The Second Maryland was connected with Stuart’s Brigade of the old “Stonewall” 
division, and was the only Maryland regiment in the Army of Northern Virginia. This does not by any means represent their strength in that cause, 
for many full companies of Maryland troops were enrolled in Virginia regiments. The scroll monument stands within the “Angle.” It was erected 
by the Memorial Association, and marks the spot where, during Pickett’s charge, the valiant Armistead, enthused with supposed victory, was shot down 
among the guns of Cushing’s Battery. 































THREE HEROIC SIZE STATUES. The handsome statue of Major-Gen. John F. Reynolds was erected by the survivorsof his old command, the 
First Army Corps, and was made of captured cannon that were donated by the State of Pennsylvania. The cavalry under General Buford brought on 
the battle on the first day, along the Chambersburg pike, and the cannon that projects from the pedestal in the direction his statue is facing is the gun 
of Califs Battery that fired the opening shot. General Warren was Chief of Engineers of the Union Army. When the Third Corps was attacked at 
the Devil’s Den and Wheat Field, on July 2d, he rode to Little Round Top. He saw at once the importance of holding this hill, and saw also a 
column of Confederates, under General Law, advancing to seize it. Being unoccupied by any troops other than the Signal Corps, he hurried to 
the foot of the hill and detached Vincent’s Brigade from the Fifth Corps, ordering them at once to Round Top. Vincent’s men had barely time to form a 
line on the south slope, when they were attacked in force, and a series of desperate encounters followed, resulting in the Union forces remaining in 
possession of this hill, which was unquestionably the key to the whole position. 









NEW HAMPSHIRE AND CONNECTICUT MONUMENTS. The positions of the three regiments of infantry and three companies of sharp¬ 
shooters from New Hampshire are marked at prominent places on the field. They lost 368 men. Colonel Cross of the Fifth New Hampshire was a 
soldier of ability, and had seen service prior to the Civil War. At this battle he was in command of the first brigade of the first division, Second Corps. 
The division was ordered to the relief of the Third Corps on the afternoon of the second day, and the story is told that as they passed General Hancock 
he called out, “Cross, you will win a star to-day.” Colonel Cross replied: “Too late, General! This is my last battle.” His words seemed prophetic, 
and as he led his brigade across the Wheat Field and into the edge of the timber he fell, mortally wounded, at the spot where the unique cairn of the 
Fifth New Hampshire stands. An enviable record was gained by the Second New Hampshire. While under fire at the Peach Orchard the roll was 
called, and all but five responded. Connecticut had six organizations engaged and lost 342 men. The markers of the Fourteenth Regiment at the 
Bliss buildings tell of the gallant charges against the Confederate sharpshooters entrenched there, which resulted in the burning of the buildings. 



















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EAST CEMETERY HILL is 1 ocated south of Gettysburg on the Baltimore Pike, and just oppo¬ 
site the National Cemetery. This hill was seized by the Union forces early in the first day, and the fore¬ 
sight displayed by its commandant. General Steinwehr, in fortifying it, proved of vital importance in the 
final cast of the battle. Around the base of the hill were low stone walls which afforded excellent protec¬ 
tion for the infantry, but the bare summit stood out in bold relief, the cannon presenting targets for the 
enemy’s artillery. To protect them the crescent shaped lunettes were thrown up. The hill thus fortified, 
and apparently strongly manned, was in view of General Lee in the Seminary cupola, and its appearance 
doubtless deterred him from further effort on the first day. This hill was among the first property to be 
acquired by the Battlefield Memorial Association, and its historical unities have been preserved in the 
original lunettes, walls, etc. 

Our illustration from the top of the Hill shows a wide 'weep of country of historic interest. Num¬ 
bered i is Stevens’ Knoll. To the right the handsome equestrian statue to the memory of General Slocum. 
Standing near it a modest little stone marks the position of the Fifth Maine Battery. It was commanded 


by Captain Stevens and was actively engaged in each day’s battle. From the commanding position it oc¬ 
cupied, this battery poured a destructive flank fire into the assaulting column that was moving against East 
Cemetery Hill the evening of the second day, and contributed largely to its repulse. Culp s Hill is num¬ 
bered 2. Just above the figure 3 several monuments can be seen outlined against the timber. I hey are 
more than three miles distant and mark the spot where the Confederate cavalry under General Stuart, at¬ 
tempting to pass the right flank of the Union army and create confusion in the rear in connection with 
Pickett’s charge, were met by the combined forces of Gregg and Custer, and there occurred the greatest 
cavalry battle of the war. After several hours of spirited fighting, in which there were a number of close 
quarter engagements, the Confederates were forced back. 

No. 4 shows Benner’s Hill, the extreme southern end of a ridge nearly as high as Cemetery Hill, and 
running north and south about a mile distant. It is nearer Stevens Knoll, and little more than half mile 
from tlie summit of Culp’s Hill. The Confederate plan of battle for the second day on their left, pro¬ 
vided for an attack of infantry on the Union position at East Cemetery Hill and Culps Hill. In ordei 


to properly support the infantry in these movements Andrew’s battalion and Graham’s battery, the whole 
under command of Major Latimer, were placed in position on Benner’s Hill. Opposed them and within 
easy range, were the batteries on East Cemetery Hill, Stevens’ Knoll and Culp’s Hill, and after a short 
contest Major Latimer was mortally wounded and his command literally blown from the hill. Eye-wit¬ 
nesses describe this hill as presenting a scene of carnage and destruction not exceeded by any other portion 
of the field. 

No. 5 shows in the distance Granite Hill, where during the cavalry maneuvers on the flank, a Con¬ 
federate battery was in position. The row of trees indicated by the figure 6 marks the course of historic 
Rock Creek. No. 7 the equestrian statue of General Hancock. No. 8 the stone fence which was in posi¬ 
tion at the time of the battle, around which clusters the memory of that desperate hand-to-hand struggle 
for the possession of the batteries crowning the summit. Here men fought with any weapon that came to 
hand, and the history of the engagement records the fact that a lieutenant of Rickett’s battery actually killed 
an opponent with a stone. 













VERMONT AND RHODE ISLAND MONUMENTS. The ten infantry regiments of Vermont consolidated their appropriation and erected 
two of the very finest monuments on the field. The Corinthian column surmounted by the bronze statue of General Stannard marks the line position 
of the Second Brigade. It was this organization that contributed so much to the success of the Union arms during Pickett’s charge. Pickett’s 
immediate command when they reached the Codori buildings changed direction to left oblique, while his supporting" brigades on the right kept 
the original direction. The gap thus created gradually widened as they approached the Union position. General Stannard perceived this and 
threw his brigade into the gap, and changing front of his regiments, took both columns in flank and rear, capturing hundreds of prisoners. Grant’s 
First Brigade—“The Lion”—is east of Round Top, where they were positioned in reserve. Vermont lost 417 men. Rhode Island was represented 
by her Second Regiment of infantry and five batteries, only three of which were engaged. They lost 97. 











MISCELLANEOUS MONUMENTS. The monuments and tablets on this page for the most part mark the positions where prominent officers were 
killed or wounded. An exception is the Gregg cavalry shaft. It is on the cavalry field three miles east of Gettysburg, and marks the scene of the great cav¬ 
alry fight, the result of Stuart’s effort with his cavalry to turn the Union flank and from the Union rear co-operate with Pickett’s charge from the front. 















THE SECOND DAY’S BATTLE. On the morning of July 2d the Union army occupied and had 
well fortified a position as follows: The Twelfth Corps, under General Slocum, was on the right, occupying 
Culp’s Hill; on their left and occupying Cemetery Hill and Ziegler’s Grove, the remnants of the First and 
Eleventh Corps: General Hancock’s Second Corps extended the line from near Ziegler’s Grove to near Little 
Round Top: the Third Corps under General Sickles, formed on a ridge along the Emmitsburg road, three- 
fourths of a mile in front of the intended line of battle; the Fifth Corps was in reserve, and the Sixth still 
marching. On the Confederate side General Ewell s Corps was in front of the Union right at Culp s Hill, 
and his line extended through the streets of Gettysburg to Seminary Ridge; A. P. Hill’s Corps extended the 
line south along the ridge, while on his right, Longstreet’s Corps reached to the base of Round Top. 
General Lee, in command of the Confederate forces, determined to attack the left of the Union line. 


Accordingly, about three o’clock in the afternoon, Longstreet’s Corps commenced a furious assault on the Union 
'Third Corps in the advanced position it occupied at the Peach Orchard, Loop, Wheatfield and Devil’s Den. 
The fighting soon became general on that portion of the field, and finally involved nearly half of both 
armies. It continued until near dark and resulted in the Union Troops being driven back to the base of 
Round Top to the originally intended line, which was maintained throughout the remainder of the battle. 
While the battle raged on the left, General Ewell under orders to turn the Union right, sent against 
Cemetery Hill the brigades of Hayes (Louisiana Tigers) and Hoke. They fought their way to the summit of 
the hill, captured several of the guns, and here occurred the famous hand-to-hand fight, where men fought with 
rammers, clubs, stones and even their fists. The artillerymen, with the aid of some infantry, finally suc¬ 
ceeded in driving back their assailants with heavy loss. Simultaneously with this attack, Johnston’s division 


of Confederates moved against Culp’s Hill. A portion of the Twelfth Union Corps, which occupied this line, 
had been sent to the relief of Sickles’ troops at the Wheatfield. After a severe fight with the remnant, John¬ 
ston’s troops occupied a portion of the intrenchments for the night. 

The principal places of interest that are shown in the above illustration are indicated as follows: A— 
Seminary Ridge, the Confederate line on July 2d and 3d. B—Emmitsburg Road. C—Trostle Buildings. 
D—Wheatfield. E—Peach Orchard. F—Rose Buildings and Observation tower on Confederate Avenue. 
H—Devil’s Den. 1 —Warren Avenue. J—Crawford Avenue. K—Valley of Death. L—Hancock Avenue. 
M—Summit of Little Round Top. N—General Meade’s Headquarters. 






OHIO MONUMENTS. Thirteen regiments of infantry, two of cavalry and four batteries from Ohio participated in the battle of Gettys¬ 
burg. They lost 1271 men. Their positions are all marked by monuments of handsome patterns, toward the erection of which the State contributed 
$40,000. Those of the Twenty-fifth and Seventy-fifth, Heckman’s Battery, and the Seventy-third are very fine. Heckman’s Battery was engaged in the 
first battle, and rendered important service during the retreat. The routed Union troops were being closely pursued, and many were cut off in the 
narrow streets and captured. This battery put two guns in position in Center Square, commanding the approach from Carlisle street. When the Union 
troops had uncovered their front several volleys of grape and canister were fired into the mass of pursuing Confederates, compelling them to seek cover. 
This delay undoubtedly enabled hundreds of their comrades to reach a place of safety on Cemetery Hill. The Eighth Ohio was in advance of the 
line of battle on the third day, lying along the Emmitsburg road. The troops supporting Pickett on the left passed close by their position, and the regiment 
moving in on their flank captured several stands of colors and more men than their organization contained. 



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CULP’S HILL, LOOKING WEST. Culp’s Hill was the part of the line assigned to the Twelfth Corps, Union army, upon their arrival on the 
field late on the first day. They at once set about fortifying their naturally strong position, and by morning of the second day had finished a line of 
earthworks which ran the entire length of the hill and which remain in good condition to this time. During the second day’s battle, when the 1 bird 
Corps was hard pressed on the Union left, the greater part of the Twelfth was sent to their assistance, leaving Greenes New \ ork Brigade to guard the 
long line of entrenchments. Johnson’s division of Confederates attacked this position on the evening of the second and after hard fighting gained 
some advantages. They occupied a portion of the works and penetrated as far as the Baltimore pike, and were in a position to inflict incalculable damage 
on the Union forces; but Johnson, fearing that in the night he had gotten into a trap, decided to fall back to the earthworks until morning. By morning 
the remainder of the Twelfth Corps had returned, the' battle was resumed there at daylight, and after seven hours of fighting the Twelfth Corps suc¬ 
ceeded in re-establishing their line. On the right of the picture the Second Maryland monument shows. 


CONFEDERATE AVENUE. At a number of places along the established line the Confederates had thrown up defensive barriers as if expecting 
return attacks on the part of the Union troops. This view from the north side of Spangler’s Woods shows the course of the avenue towards McMillan’s 
Woods. To the left the mounted cannon are fronted by the original lunettes. 











HISTORIC SPRINGS. Spangler’s Spring at the southeast slope of Culp’s Hill is shown as it appeared at that time and in its present condition. 
Menchey’s Spring at the base of Cemetery Hill was used by the Eleventh Corps troops. To Spangler’s Spring clings one of the worthiest sentiments 
of the great battle. Here on the night of the second, men of both armies met, and ignoring the fact that their uniforms declared them enemies, they 
admitted the great fundamental fact of human brotherhood, by mingling freely and drinking from the same spring. 















ON CULP'S HILL. Culp’s Hill affords many picturesque bits of scenery. The group shown above are along the east side, on East Confederate 
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BRONZE RELIEF PLATES ON NEW YORK STATE MONUMENT. Around the base of the New York State monument are the bronze reliefs that 
are shown above. That on the front represents the wounding of General Sickles. It is numbered 4 in our illustration. Shown in the o- r0 UD are Generals 
Sickles, J. B. Carr, J. H. H. Ward, S. K. Zook, C. K. Graham, R. B. Ayres, S. II. Weed and Col. H. E. Tremain. The obverse plate, numbered 2 shows 
Generals H. W. Slocum, A. Pleasanton, J. S. Wadsworth, G. S. Greene, H. J. Hunt, J. J. Bartlett, D. A. Russell, A. Shaler, and Col. H. A. Barnum! That 
on the right and numbered 1 pictures the death of Major General John F. Reynolds, and show-n around are Generals A. Doubleday, A. Von Steinwehr T C 
Robinson, F. C. Barlow, and Col. F. C. Devin. On the left, number 3 represents the wounding of Major General W. S. Hancock and shows also Generals 


D. Butterfield, G. K. Warren, J. Kilpatrick and A. S. Webb. 














NEW YORK. The State of New York erected this splendid monument to the memory of its dead at an expense of $6o,ooo. It is in the National 
Cemetery and faces the section of graves where 867 of New York’s dead lie. It is an imposing shaft with large bronze tablets around the base, repre¬ 
senting important events in each day’s battle. The equestrian statue of General Slocum is the work of the sculptor, E. C Potter, and is an example of 
the generosity of the Empire State. It cost $30,000. Of the 360 organizations that composed the Army of the Potomac at Gettysburg 175 were from New 
York and Pennsylvania. Each of these States furnished at all times more than one-fourth of the army Twenty-nine States of the Union had troops in 
the two armies at Gettysburg. On the Confederate side the State of Virginia supplied one-fourth of the infantry two-thirds of the cavalry and nearly two- 
thirds of the artillery that invaded the North. Three-fourths of the troops composing the Army of Northern Virginia were supplied by Virginia, North 
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NEW YORK MONUMENTS. New York State contributed $1500 to assist each of its organizations in the erection of a monument on the field of 
Gettysburg, and consequently their positions are marked by some of the most costly and best-constructed work on the field. The State appropriation was 
in most cases increased by individual subscriptions. This was the rule with other States, so that a fair average cost of all the monuments would be 

about $2000 each. The coat of arms of New York shows prominently on every one of its monuments. The corps badges were also a matter of special 

pride, and are given prominent places on all monuments. There were seven corps engaged in the Union army. Each had its distinct badge—First Corps, 
full moon; Second Corps, trefoil; Third Corps, diamond; Fifth Corps, Maltese cross; Sixth Corps, Greek cross; Eleventh Corps, crescent; Twelfth Corps, 

five-pointed star; Cavalry Corps, sunburst. For the First Division the badge was red, the Second white and the Third blue. 






















































NEW YORK MONUMENTS. On this page are shown monuments of sixteen of New York’s regiments. The Forty-fourth and Twelfth, on Little 
Round Top is probably the most expensive regimental monument on the field. From its top a complete view of the field of operations, of the second 
day can be had. The Forty-fourth were part of the brigade of Vincent, the first troops to occupy Little Round Top on the second day. This brigade suc¬ 
ceeded in repulsing several assaults, but were being forced up the hill when reinforcements appeared in the shape of the One Hundred and Fortieth New 
York Regiment which charged from the summit of the hill and drove the Confederates back into the ravine, thus ending the fighting at this point It 
was however ’a dear triumph for the One Hundred and Fortieth; their Colonel, O’Rourke, was killed, and in addition they lost over 100 men. Their 
monument, which stands in the shadow of the Forty-fourth, shows on the side a relief bust of their beloved commander. Along the south and west sides 
of Little Round Top the stone walls which were built by the troops durably mark their lines. 




































NEW YORK MONUMENTS. The New York Commission on erection of monuments at Gettysburg was composed of Generals Sickles, 
Slocum, Graham and Carr, and Major Richardson. They gave considerable personal attention to the work, and also employed Mr. A. J. Zabriskie, a civil 
engineer, who inspected every detail of their construction. The result shows in the appearance of all their monuments. Special interest attaches 
to the monument of the Eighty-sixth. On the side a bronze plate represents a woman kneeling over the prostrate figure of a soldier, and below the 
inscription, “I yield him unto his country and his God.” Many a mother or wife thus yielded to the inevitable in those dark days, and the sentiment of 
this plate is a memorial to those thousands of brave women. In the center of the page the statue of St. Anthony of Padua, which stands in the chancel of St. 
Francis Xavier Church, and was erected as a memorial to their dead by the Irish Brigade. The monuments of the Seventy-eighth and One Hundred 
and Second are well executed. 














NEW YORK MONUMENTS. New York had 69 regiments of infantry, 7 of cavalry, 15 batteries in the Army of the Potomac at 
Gettysburg They lost 6616 The State has spent for the erection and dedication of their handsome monuments more than $250,000. Several 
of the very finest of their monuments show on this page. The Seventy-third was recruited from the volunteer fire companies of New York city, and 
the heroic bronze figures that surmount it show first the fireman, while in the other he is transformed into the soldier, and the trumpet has given place to 
the rifle The citizens of Orange County contributed freely to the fund for the “Orange Blossoms” monument; it was erected without any assistance from 
the State. It presents the granite figure of its colonel, Ellis, and marks the spot where he fell. The monuments of the One Hundred and Eleventh and 
of Sickles’ Excelsior Brigade are of the most striking on the field. 



































FIGHTING NEW YORK BATTERIES. New York’s batteries are found in important positions on this field, and all of their monuments are 
emblematic of their branch of the service. Reynolds’ and Wheeler’s were with the First and Eleventh Corps, and were in the thickest of the fight on 

the first day; Weidrich’s Battery I recalls the famous Louisiana Tigers’charge on Cemetery Hill and the previous effort of the Confederates to 

establish an artillery position on Benner’s Hill. Along the Union line at the famous “Angle” were the batteries of Cowan, Cushing, Brown and Arnold. 
In the artillery duel which preceded Pickett’s charge their position was perilous. The fire of 150 guns from the Confederate side was centered on 
their position, and for nearly two hours the air was full of bursting shell and whizzing fragments. Caissons were exploding and the earth shook under 
the mighty concussions. They remained in their positions and played a prominent part in the repulse of the infantry charge that followed. The 

bronze plate of Cowan’s represents a battery in action, and below is the legend: “Double canister at ten yards.” 













NEW YORK MONUMENTS. Seven of the monuments on this page show the sunburst, the badge of the Cavalry Corps. They comprised 
New York’s representation in that branch of the service. The Fifth was part of Farnsworth’s Brigade of Kilpatrick’s division, and on the 30th of June, 
1863, took part in the battle in the streets of Hanover with Stuart’s Cavalry, which had the effect of sending Stuart northward by way of Car¬ 
lisle, and prevented him from joining Lee’s army at Gettysburg until the evening of July 2d. The castle of the engineers and the monument of the 
Tammany regiment—the wigwam, with life-size brave in war paint—are characteristic designs. The handsome Irish Brigade monument also shows here. 
On the afternoon of July 2d, when this brigade was ordered to charge into the Wheat Field, the command was halted, the men knelt, and their chaplain, 
a priest of Rome, standing on a natural rock pulpit, pronounced a general absolution. The “Amen” of the priest was simultaneous with their com¬ 
mander’s “Forward.” The onslaught stayed the advance of the Confederates. The priest and the soldier were irresistible. 
























GETTYSBURG NATIONAL CEMETERY. Several days after the battle, Hon. David Wills, of Gettysburg, communicated to Governor Curtin, 
of Pennsylvania, a proposition to provide a suitable place for the permanent burial of the soldiers who died in defence of the Union at Gettysburg. He 
was authorized to correspond with Governors of various States interested, and his efforts resulted in the formation of an organization which was incor¬ 
porated by the State of Pennsylvania as the “Soldiers’ National Cemetery.” Under their supervision the plot of seventeen acres on Cemetery Hill was 
bought and arranged as it now appears. The Cemetery was dedicated November 19, 1863, and a prominent part of the exercises was the delivery 
by President Lincoln of that immortal address “Four-score and seven years ago ...” familiar to every American. 





SUMMER 


BALTIMORE ST. ENTRANCE 


THE ROSTRUM 


SOLDIERS’ NATIONAL MONUMENT 


GETTYSBURG NATIONAL CEMETERY. Beginning with October 26th of that year and continuing until March 18, 1864, the dead were removed 
from the parts of the field where they had been hastily buried and were re-interred in the semicircle facing the monument, in sections proportioned to 
the number of graves for each State. The original burials amounted to 3555, and were divided by States, as follows: Maine, 104; New Hampshire, 
49; Vermont, 61; Massachusetts, 158; Rhode Island, 12; Connecticut, 22; New York, 866; New Jersey, 78; Pennsylvania, 526; Delaware, 15; Maryland^ 
22; West Virginia, 11; Ohio, 131; Indiana, 80; Illinois, 6; Michigan, 172; Wisconsin, 73; Minnesota, 52; U. S. Regulars, 138; Unknown,’ 979. The Sol¬ 
diers’ National Monument is a work of art. It is sixty-five feet high, and the pedestal, twenty-five feet square, is of octagonal shape. The projecting but¬ 
tresses support allegorical statues representing War, History, Peace and Plenty- The shaft supports the beautifully carved statue of the Genius of 
Liberty, holding in her right hand the victor’s wreath. Upon a panel in front is inscribed the concluding part of President Lincoln’s address. The 
Cemetery contains about 200 varieties of trees and shrubbery. 





















































EMMITSBURG ROAD. This road runs in a southwesterly direction to Emmitsburg, Md., and was traversed by the First, Third and Eleventh 
Corps in their advance to Gettysburg. The outlook here is toward the main line of the battle of the Second Corps, the Codori buildings showing to the 
left. The present line macadam road extending from Gettysburg to the Peach Orchard was built by the National Park Commission. 



THE TROSTLE BUILDINGS. This group of farm buildings was in the very center of the storm of the second day. The stone wall which runs 
from the right of the picture to the corner of the house and to the left stood at the time, and here Biglow’s Battery was hemmed in and sustained a por¬ 
tion of its terrific loss. A small monument which stands just to the left of the barn marks the spot where General Sickles received his severe wound 
on the second. The buildings show marks of many bullets and shells. 




















THE WHEAT FIELD. This view from the east side shows the Wheat Field, famous in the history of Gettysburg—the “Whirlpool of the Battle.” 
This was one of the most hotly contested parts of the field. It was fought over six times during the afternoon of July 2d, and was strewn with dead 
and wounded of both sides. During the progress of the fighting here thirteen brigades, representing four corps of the Union army, were engaged in the 
Wheat Field, the strip of woods on the side and at Devil’s Den. They lost in killed, wounded and missing, 4133- Opposed to them on the Confederate 
side were six brigades of Longstreet’s Corps, who lost a total of 2822. It must be remembered that a Confederate regiment had from 40 to 50 per cent, 
more men than those of the Union army. The Confederate commander pursued the wise policy of putting new forces into old regiments, thus keeping 
them recruited, instead of organizing new regiments, as was done in the North. This difference in the strength of the subdivisions of the two armies 
should be borne in mind when we come to consider them as they contended with each other. 


PENNSYLVANIA RESERVE LINE. McCandless’ Brigade of Pennsylvania Reserves forming on the slope of Little Round Top, made the final 
charge on the second day on this portion of the field. They swept the Wheat Field, and falling back to a position protected by a stone fence in the rear 
of the monuments, maintained it during the remainder of the battle. 










MARYLAND AND NEW JERSEY MONUMENTS. Maryland is often classed as a Southern State. Being south of Mason and Dixon’s line, 
perhaps no State in the Union was so divided in sentiment. While the State did not pass the ordinance of secession, many of her sons fought with distinction 
in the Confederate service. Probably for this reason the handsome monuments which the State has erected to the honor of the six organizations that 
fought with the Union army at Gettysburg bear the inscription “Maryland’s Tribute to Her Loyal Sons.” Maryland’s losses here were 140. The monuments 
were built by a State appropriation of $6000. 

By consolidating their appropriation the First New Jersey Brigade erected an imposing brigade monument—a handsome castle. The monument of the 
Twelfth contains a bronze plate representing their charge on the Bliss Buildings. The Thirteenth, along Rock Creek, shows the well-cut figure of a soldier 
firing from behind the trees. Fifteen organizations from this State were engaged and lost 680. 














WEST CONFEDERATE AVENUE. This view looking north along the avenue in the direction of McMillan’s Woods shows that portion of the Con¬ 
federate line where the artillery was massed. This position is exactly opposite the National Cemetery and is considerably higher than that portion of the 
Confederate line that lies to the south. This was an elegant position, the gunners being protected by the timber and by the stone wall that ran along the 
entire front. Many of the guns are pointed in the direction of the “Copse of Trees” along the Union line which is within easy range, and suggest the part 
they played in the effort to demolish the artillery and demoralize the Union infantry, previous to Pickett’s charge. Their commanding position had its dis¬ 
advantages also. The old trees which are still standing bear evidence of the storm of shot and shell that fell among them. The old oak standing on the 
edge of the avenue was shot through by a shell about fifteen feet from the ground and the marks are yet plainly visible. Farther west in the woods are ir¬ 
regular earthworks, thrown up by the Confederate infantry as a protection against this artillery fire. 






CEMETERY RIDGE FROM WEST CONFEDERATE AVENUE. This panorama presents the 
main line of defence of the l nion army on the second and third days as it appears from a point on West 
Confederate Avenue, some hundreds of yards south of McMillan’s Woods. It gives an excellent idea of 
the character of ground over which the Confederate forces moved in their final effort on the afternoon of 
the third day. Pickett's division formed under shelter of Spangler’s Woods, which is nearly one-half mile 
south of this position. They moved past the Codori Buildings (4) and massed on the umbrella-shaped 
bunch of trees (7). Heth's division, on the left of the assaulting column, formed in rear of the position 
from which this photo was taken, and emerging from the shelter of the fringe of timber charged across 
the open field striking the Union line between “The Angle” and Ziegler’s Grove, indicated by the figures 
9 and 10. I he distance between the lines is a few yards less than a mile, and the Union position directly 
opposite is higher by about 12 feet. The distance from Big Round Top to Gettysburg is '3 miles the 
“Copse of I rees" being about midway between them. 

The principal points indicated on Cemetery Ridge are as follows: 1—Big Round Top. 2 _Rogers 


House, on Emmitsburg road. 3—Little Round Top. 4—Codori Buildings. 5—Vermont Brigade Mon¬ 
ument. 6—United States Regulars’ Monument. 7—Copse of Trees. 8—The site of the Bliss Buildings, 
which were between the lines and were burned during the battle. 9—General Meade’s Equestrian Statue. 
10 —Bryan Buildings. 11—Flag staff at Meade’s Headquarters. 12—Ziegler’s Grove. 13_National Ceme¬ 

tery. 14—Gettysburg. 

Along the course of Confederate Avenue the work of the National Park Commission can be appreci¬ 
ated to its fullest. General Headquarters and Corps and Division headquarters have been marked by hand¬ 
some monuments, while substantial iron tablets mark the position of the units of the army. These tablets, 
as well as those on the Union side erected by the Commission, give a record of the achievement of the par¬ 
ticular organization in concise, military language. Since taking charge of Memorial work here the Com¬ 
mission has built nearly 30 miles of improved roads, generally the Telford system; 13 miles of gas pipe 
fencing; 14 miles of post and rail fencing; 20 miles of paved gutters. Miles of stone walls have been 
rebuilt at places where there were walls at time of the battle; hundreds of cannon have been mounted. 


These cannon are in many instances the actual ones that occupied these positions during the battle, and 
where it was impossible to get the original, one of the same type is used. The carriages are cunningly 
painted to represent the old wooden ones, but in reality are made of iron. Thousands of trees have been 
planted in the effort to reforest such portions from which the timber has been cut. The government now 
owns more than 2000 acres of land within the limits of the Gettysburg National Park. 

Recently developed interest on the part of the survivors on the Confederate side, promises a completed 
memorial park, the equal of which cannot be found in the world. The Legislature of Virginia has appro¬ 
priated money for the erection of a monument to the memory of the Virginians who died at Gettysburg. 
As this is being written a commission is locating a site for it, and it will be erected during the present year. 
Appropriations are pending in several others and it is believed that the grand rally of the Blue and Gray 
on the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of the battle of Gettysburg, will see Confederate valor properly 
and fittingly recognized by a row of handsome and enduring monuments stretching the course of Confed¬ 
erate Avenue. 

























THE WHITWORTH BATTERY. On Seminary ridge and nearly opposite “Red Patch” the summer home of the late General C. H. T. Collis, 
stands a section of Confederate battery that is of more than ordinary interest. The two guns are Whitworth’s of English make, and differ widely in appear¬ 
ance from the other cannon that are mounted all over the field. They are breech-loaders, and are the only guns of that improved type that were in use in 
either army at the time. They are heavily rifled, and were claimed to be effective at a range of five miles. They were a marked improvement over the muz¬ 
zle-loaders of that time, could be fired much more rapidly and carried a missile more than twice the distance. The infantry of both armies carried muzzle- 
leading rifles of the “Springfield” and “Enfield” patterns. They were supplied with paper cartridges, and in loading were required to tear the end of paper 
with the teeth, pour the powder in gun and with an iron rammer drive down the bullet. The placing of a percussion cap on the pivot completed the prep¬ 
aration for firing. 



















SPANGLER’S MEADOW. This view from McAllister’s Woods is in the direction of Eastern Culp’s Hill. Several hundred of Johnston’s Con¬ 
federates were buried in trenches in this meadow. On the rock stands the pioneer monument, the Second Massachusetts. It was erected by the regimental 
association during the summer of 1879. On the front a bronze tablet with an inscription recites the facts connected with the historic charge of that regi¬ 
ment across the meadow. This monument attracted the attention of other survivors who journeyed here and the brief story on its_ bronze plate inspired 
other commands with tales of valor to tell to erect similar memorials, until the result is that the position of every volunteer organization is marked. 













THE THIRD DAY'S BATTLE. General Lee's plans for the second day had failed. While he had 
inflicted enormous losses upon the l nion army he had not succeeded in driving it from any important position. 
A council of war that night decided on an attack upon the Union center as the principal feature of the coming 
day. General Meade also held council with his corps commanders, and it was resolved by them to “stay and 
fight it out.” The battle was resumed at daybreak by the Twelfth Corps moving against the Confederates in 
possession of their works on Culp’s Hill. After seven hours’ hard fighting they succeeded in driving them out. 
Silence reigned over the field, to be broken shortly after noon by the signal guns which precipitated the most 
terrific artillery duel of the war. perhaps the most so ever heard by mortal man. Nearly three hundred 
cannon sent forth their missiles of death, the air was burdened with hissing shot and bursting shell. The 
fire of the Confederate guns was centered on General Hancock’s position, the Union left center, the intention 
being to demoralize that position in advance of the infantry charge. About three o’clock the firing became 


less active, the Confederate infantry was preparing for action. To Pickett’s division of Longstreet’s Corps 
was mainly committed the perilous task of breaking the Union line. Supported on the left by Heth’s division 
and on the right by a portion of Anderson’s, numbering in all nearly 15,000 men, they emerged from the 
wooded crest of Seminary Ridge in two dense columns, with a frontage of nearly a mile, to converge and strike 
at the umbrella-shaped bunch of trees, seven-eighths of a mile distant. The Union batteries^ opened on 
them immediately they came in view and solid shot, shells, shrapnel and canister were poured forth in 
unstinted measure. Never was a grander sight, never a more matchless courage. The Union infantry poured 
in deadly volleys. Pickett’s front rank was decimated; the remainder rushed forward at a double quick • thev 
reached the line, crossed the stone wall, and the force of their effort was spent. They offered but feeble 
resistance when the Union troops closed in around them. The assault was over quickly, thousands were amon°- 
the dead, wounded and prisoners, and the grandest charge in history ended. The battle of Gettysburg was 


won, for with the exception ot a spirited and desperate cavalry contest between the forces of Greee and 
Stuart, the fighting at Gettysburg was finished. 

Our illustration is a view from the observation tower on Hancock Avenue, and shows the portion of 
the Union position that received the front of Pickett’s charge. To the left in the background the figure 1 
indicates Little Round Top. 2—Big Round Top. 3—General Meade’s Equestrian Statue. 4—The copse 
of trees, the landmark against which the center of Pickett’s charge was directed, and on the left side the 
High-Water Mark Monument. 5—The stone which forms the “Angle.” 6—Hancock Avenue, running 
South toward Round Tops. 7 and 8 on the extreme right show the Emmitsburg road, the Codori Buildings 

and the monuments that mark the advance line of Sickles’ troops on the second day. 9_Near the center 

shows the monuments in the wheatfield. 


















44TH AND 12TH NEW YORK MONUMENT. This is the largest and most costly of the regi¬ 
mental monuments. General Daniel Butterfield was the first colonel of the 44th, and it was due the 
liberality of his widow that the erection of this handsome monument was made possible. From its top a 
wide stretch of battlefield can be seen. Big Round 7 'op, crowned by a steel observation tower shows in 
the background. 



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HANGING ROCK—DEVIL’S DEN. ELEPHANT ROCK—DEVIL’S DEN. 


NATURAL CURIOSITIES. The wild jumble of rocks in the vicinity of the Devil’s Den produce some likenesses to familiar objects that are 
really striking. An example of exceptional merit is the “Elephant Rock,” seen from the driveway just south of the “Den.” The sheltered position of 
the Confederate sharpshooter who was killed by the concussion of an exploding shell is shown. The hanging rock is estimated to weigh over 600 tons, 
and seems to be insecure in its lodgement. Comet-shaped marks, yet visible, show where a bullet struck. Particles of lead adhered to the rocks, and 
becoming oxidized by time and the action of the weather, ran down over the face. For years before the war it had been common practice to cut inscrip¬ 
tions on the rocks. Acting on the argument that it would continue to be done while the suggestion remained, the Commission has had all names care¬ 
fully removed. Hence the fresh chisel marks that show on the rocks in our illustration. 






LITTLE ROUND TOP. Little Round Top, with its neighbor, Big Round Top, form the left of Cemetery Ridge, the Union position. Big Round 
Top is 210 feet above the Gettysburg town level and almost 400 feet above Plum Run, the sluggish stream at its base. Little Round Top is connected 
by a narrow defile, and is not so high by 105 feet. The west slope of the smaller hill was bare of timber and an excellent position for artillery. After 
being occupied by the Union infantry the effort was made to get cannon to its summit. There were no roads, and the guns of Haslett’s Battery were 
finally drawn to the summit by hand and with ropes. Once in position it was impossible to use them. Devil’s Den was occupied by Confederate sharp¬ 
shooters, and they picked off the gunners. On this summit General Weed was mortally wounded, and as Lieutenant Haslett stooped over him he, too, 
was shot, falling dead across his chief. Finally after eight companies of Berdan sharpshooters were distributed on the west side of the hill the Confed¬ 
erates were forced to vacate their position, and the guns were used with good effect. The mountain gap showing over the head of General Warren’s 
statue is Monterey Pass, through which General Lee’s army retreated on its way from Gettysburg. 



DEVIL’S DEN. Opposite Round Tops, on the west bank of Plum Run, the ground—not so high but as wild and steep—rises to the crest of the 
Devil’s Den, named from the ominous character of its rocks, with their hard and rugged faces and the gloom of their deep recesses. Between Devil’s 
Den and the Round Tops is the valley called the Valley of Death. Such indeed it was. This ledge was part of the line of defence of the Third Corps 
on the second day, and later furnished excellent positions for Confederate sharpshooters. 











PENNSYLVANIA’S EQUESTRIAN STATUES. Erected by a grateful Commonwealth in honor of her distinguished sons at a cost of $100,000. 
The name George Gordon Meade will always recall to the minds of the American people the victory at Gettysburg. Promoted to the command of the Army 
of the Potomac on the 28th of June but three days before the battle opened here, the position he occupied was one of enormous responsibility, and to his 
military sagacity and careful direction must be given much of the credit of its glorious ending. General Winfield Scott Hancock, “The Superb,” a man of 
magnificent appearance and a splendid soldier, was sent by General Meade to assume command of the field on the first day when informed of the death of 
Reynolds. His appearance on Cemetery Hill stayed the retreat and restored confidence to the remnants of the First and Eleventh corps. General John Fulton 
Reynolds was recognized as one of the ablest men of the North, and his untimely end cast a pall of sorrow over the entire army. In the choice vigor 
of his full manhood, in the fullness of a well-earned military fame, he perished upon this field which his genius had fixed for the determination of the great 
and decisive conflict of the war. Yet, as General Meade said: “Where could man meet better the inevitable hour than in defense of his native State, his 
life-blood mingling with the soil on which he first drew breath.” 













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PENNSYLVANIA RESERVES AND BATTERIES. Adams county furnished its full quota of splendid soldiers, having about thirty companies in 
the field in July 1863, but by a strange occurrence only one company participated in the battle. A tablet on the side of the First Reserve monument recites 
the fact that Company K of that regiment was recruited at Gettysburg, and a number of the men composing it actually fought in sight of their homes. It 
was the timely arrival of the Reserve division that decided the wavering fortunes of the second day’s battle. The attention of tourists is always called to 
the monument of the Ninth, the finely cut figure of the soldier, standing with bowed head at the grave of a comrade. The Thirteenth Regiment was organ¬ 
ized in the mountain counties of the state. A requirement for enlistment was that each man should have killed a deer with a rifle. Their proficiency as 
marksmen was thus assured, and the “Bucktail” was worn on the hat as the regimental badge. 


















PENNSYLVANIA MONUMENTS. Eighty-four organizations of the Keystone State fought on their own soil at Gettysburg. 6295 were numbered 
among the killed, wounded and missing. Eighteen monuments on this page mark positions some of them occupied. Some of them tell stories of special in¬ 
terest The Eighty-third presents the bronze statue of Colonel Vincent. He was temporarily in command of the Third Brigade, First Division, Fifth Corps, 
and was sent with his brigade to hold Little Round Top. In the heavy fighting that occurred there and while personally encouraging his men he was wounded 
mortally He was carried to the Bushman home east of Round Top where he died on the 7th of July, but in the meantime had been made a Brigadier Gen¬ 
eral by telegraph from Washington. The bronze tablet of the Seventy-third on Cemetery Hill depicts the struggle there on the evening of the second and 
suggests the important part they played in its glorious ending. Lying on the base of the Eleventh Regiment’s monument is a bronze figure of a dog, repre¬ 
senting the regimental mascot that followed the fortunes of the regiment through the early part of the war and was killed in the Battle of the Wilderness. 


























PENNSYLVANIA MONUMENTS. When the long-talked-of invasion became an established fact. General Curtin began raising troops for the pur¬ 
pose of protecting the Capital and resisting the Confederate advance. Only one regiment of the emergency troops thus raised reached this field. This regiment 
the Twenty-sixth, reached Gettysburg on the 26th of June and taking position on the Chambersburg pike, west of town, attempted to arrest the progress of Ear¬ 
ly’s division of Confederates who were raiding through this section. The effort was disastrous; after a short engagement they were compelled to retreat and 
several hundred of their men were captured. Company A, of the Twenty-sixth Emergency regiment, was raised among the boys of Gettysburg College. Gen¬ 
eral Early proceeded to Gettysburg and made the following requisition for supplies on the borough authorities: 60 barrels flour, 7000 lbs. bacon, 1200 lbs. 
sugar, 600 lbs. coffee, 1000 lbs. salt, to bushels onions, 1000 pairs shoes, 500 hats, or $10,000 in money. He was assured by the town authorities that the quan¬ 
tities required were far in excess of that in their possession, and receiving orders that same evening to proceed to York, the requisition was not again asked. 







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PENNSYLVANIA MONUMENTS. Pennsylvania appropriated $1500 to each organization toward the expense of a monument. They were all 
erected under the supervision of the Commission, General John P. Taylor, General J. P. S. Gobin, Colonel John P. Nicholson, Colonel R. Bruce Ricketts, and 
Lieutenant Samuel Harper. This Commission performed its work with untiring zeal and in a most creditable manner. Perhaps no other monument on the 
field is so interesting to tourists as the One Hundred and Forty-third, shown on this page. It represents their color-sergeant, Crippen, in the defiant attitude 
in which he was killed. Colonel Freemantle told of a conversation with General A. P. Hill relative to this incident: “General Hill said to me that the 
Yankees in the First Day’s battle had fought with a determination unusual to them. He pointed to a field in the center of which he had seen a man (Crippen, 
One Hundred and Forty-third Pennsylvania) plant the regimental colors, around which the regiment had fought for some time with much obstinacy; and 
that when at last it was obliged to retreat, the color-bearer retreated last of all, turning around now and then to shake his fist at the advancing Confederates. 
General Hill said he felt sorry when he saw this gallant Yankee meet his doom.” 












































PENNSYLVANIA MONUMENTS. Among the nineteen Pennsylvania monuments shown above are some of very interesting designs. The huge 
granite tree trunk of the Ninetieth Regiment on Oak Ridge, marks the regiment’s position and the right of the First Corps line. The open book on the pedestal 
on this page was erected by the same regiment to mark the spot on Christ’s Church steps where Chaplain Howell was killed. During the retreat through the 
streets of the town he stopped at the church, which was being used as a hospital, to minister to some of the wounded of his regiment. As he mounted the 
steps he was struck by a stray bullet. The spirited bronze figure on the Seventy-second’s monument, fighting with clubbed musket, gives an idea of the char¬ 
acter of the fighting at the “Angle.” The figure of the soldier sitting on the stump, marks the position of the One Hundred and Forty-ninth Pennsylvania 
regiment. A part of Stone’s “Bucktail Brigade” fought their first hard battle here, and out of an effective force of a little over 1200 men the brigade lost 852. 












PENNSYLVANIA MONUMENTS. Pennsylvania was naturally the first state to appropriate money for the preservation of the Gettysburg battle¬ 
field, and the state’s liberality in this respect has been unsurpassed. The amount of more than $400,000 has already been expended, and there has been appro¬ 
priated by the State Legislature the sum of $150,000 for the erection of a State monument. In a tour of the field there are seen monuments which make an in¬ 
dividual and lasting impression on the tourist. Such is the Seventy-fourth Pennsylvania’s memorial which stands along Howard Avenue, representing the 
color-bearer sinking down with a death wound but still holding up the colors. The One Hundred and Fifty-third is on Barlow’s Knoll. They were the ex¬ 
treme right of the line on the first day. When this position was finally abandoned hundreds of dead and wounded were left, among the latter General Bar- 
low. Here also was positioned Battery G, Fourth United States Artillery, commanded by the gallant Lieutenant Wilkeson, who mortally wounded, remained 
at his post, finally working his way to the Almshouse barn, where he died that night. 








PENNSYLVANIA CAVALRY MONUMENTS. One of the very best collections of monuments on the field, they all show the effigy of the cavalry¬ 
man’s good friend, the horse at the top of the page and on either side are monuments that were erected by the Twenty-first Pennsylvania Cavalry regiment. 
That on the left marks the spot where Private Sandoe of Company B was killed. Company B was organized at Gettysburg in those later days of June, 
1S63. When White’s cavalry accompanying Early’s Confederate raiders, came into Gettysburg on the 26th of the month, those members of Company B who 
were mounted, scattered in all directions. A number of them escaping by the Baltimore pike were pursued, and near the old McAllister place Sandoe was 
killed. He was the first soldier killed in the campaign around Gettysburg. From the artist’s point of view the Seventeenth regiment’s monument is one of the 
very finest on the field. Cut in relief on one huge granite block is the life-size figure of trooper and horse. The monument of the Eighth also is attractive, 
while the bronze figures of the First and Second regiments are of the best. 













GETTYSBURG COLLEGE. The Lutheran Theological Seminary was established at Gettysburg in 1826, and it was soon found that a prepara¬ 
tory classical school was needed to complement its work. This need was met by the establishment of the “Gettysburg Gymnasium” in 1827. On July 
4, 1832, the Gettysburg Gymnasium was chartered by the State authorities as “Pennsylvania College.” The old dormitory and present Gymnasium 
are left of the original group of buildings, which were completed in 1838. With the added needs of the institution and the constant increase of pat¬ 
ronage, buildings ornate in design and tasty in execution have been added, until now they form an ornamental group. 

















THE COLLIS MONUMENT. Erected at the grave of the late General Charles H. T. Collis in the National 
Cemetery by his old regiment, One Hundred and Fourteenth Pennsylvania. General Collis was deeply interested in 
the preservation of the Gettysburg field, and during the later years of his life built and occupied as a summer resi¬ 
dence, a beautiful home on Seminary Ridge, which he called “Red Patch.’’ 



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HISTORIC BUILDINGS. The little stone house on the Emmitsburg road near the borough line is shown to tourists as the place where General 
Reynolds’ body was carried after his tragic death on the first day. It was prepared for burial here and interred at his old home at Lancaster. The hiding- 
place of General Schimmelpfennig was at the old Garlach home at the foot of Baltimore hill. He commanded a division of the Eleventh Corps and during 
the retreat on the first day was cornered in a blind alley in the rear of the lot; his horse was disabled and he attempted to reach Baltimore street. Finding the 
pursuing Confederates already there he crawled into the entrance of the culvert in the Garlach yard and stayed there until evening. After dark he made 
his way to the woodshed, and there concealed behind the rows of wood remained until the morning of July 4th. His presence was known to the family, but 
on account of the close proximity of the Confederates they were only able to supply him with bread and water on the first evening. The board fence in 
the illustration is pointed out to all tourists. The original boards show dozens of bullet marks. The sycamore tree across the alley sheltered a Confederate 
sharpshooter who was finally killed by the Union sharpshooters from Cemetery Hill. A sign on the other side states that the fence is preserved as a courtesy 
to visitors. 














MICHIGAN, MINNESOTA AND WEST VIRGINIA MONUMENTS. West Virginia had commands in each branch of the service at Gettysburg 
and the four organizations lost 67 men. Far-off Minnesota had but one regiment in the Army of the Potomac. It has the distinction of having lost a larger 
percentage of men in this battle than were lost by any regiment in the Civil War in a single engagement. A part of the Second Corps, the First Minnesota, 
was not actively engaged until the afternoon of the second day. When the Third Corps was being forced back, the victorious Confederate advance seriously 
threatened the left of Hancock’s line. Perceiving the danger, General Hancock ordered the First Minnesota to charge in the face of a full brigade to impede 
their progress until he could get other troops into position. Nobly they did their part, but in the brief space of fifteen minutes lost 84 per cent, of their num¬ 
ber. The State has erected two handsome monuments to mark their positions. Michigan’s twelve organizations lost 1069, and the monuments that mark their 
positions can be found at those places where the hardest fighting was done. The elaborate monument of the Michigan cavalry brigade on the cavalry field 
marks the position where, under the intrepid Custer, they assisted in repulsing Stuart’s Confederate cavalry, preventing Stuart from performing the part 
assigned him in connection with Pickett’s charge. 













WISCONSIN AND INDIANA MONUMENTS. Wisconsin was represented by seven organizations, their monuments show above. They are easily 
distinguished, being constructed wholly or in part of red Mantello granite. Three of these regiments were in the “Iron Brigade” and were heavily engaged 
in Reynolds’ woods on the first day. This accounts in part for the heavy losses of the state, the seven commands losing 806 men. The two sharpshooter regi¬ 
ments did effective work in this battle. An interesting monument on this page shows a sharpshooter firing through the crevice in the rock. The monuments of 
Indiana’s six regiments are also shown here. The Third cavalry was among the advance cavalry brigades and took a prominent part in the opening of the 
battle. The inscription on the Twenty-seventh Regiment’s monument, which shows in the lower left corner of the illustration, tells of the heavy loss they sus¬ 
tained in the memorable charge across Spangler’s meadow. The state’s losses were 549. 

























INTERESTING VIEWS. There is yet standing on Culp’s Hill and on other of the wooded parts of the field the old trees that show the effects of 
the terrific musketry fire of more than forty-five years ago. Many of the trees on Culp’s Hill have the blazed side like that in the illustration, having 
been struck by hundreds of bullets. It is stated that trees and limbs of some size were cut off by minie balls. During the fighting of the second day 
a twelve-pound solid shot imbedded itself in the trunk of the cherry tree at the Sherfy house. It was for years an object of curiosity to tourists. The 
ravages of time have almost destroyed this rugged old battle-mark. Nothing remains now but several feet of the stump, protected by a canopy roof. 
The house shows the marks of hundreds of bullets, while the old barn was burned during the battle of the second day. 























LIBRARY OF CONGRESS • 



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